N'ko yeta-menta ߡߍ߲ߕߊ߫ ߦߋߕߊ

INDIGENOUS AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGY OF BRIEFS:

AUTHOR: Dr Baba Mamadi DIANE
Professor at Cairo University, October 2011

Translated by the N'ko Nafadji Sory CONDE and Faya Ismael Tolno
Conakry, Guinea in December 2011

The name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. May Allah grant her peace and salvation to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)!
The term SOMOOYA designating N'ko civilization consists of three parts of speech. The first element (SW) is a name that means a city, the second (MOO) is also a name that refers to the occupants of the same urban area while the third (YA) is a suffix of abstraction. If one adds the first two elements of the term (SOMOO), it is an adjective that characterizes the nominal being together in one place. If one adds the three elements of the term, all means all of the qualities (SOMOO): to be together, live together in one place, with others in social harmony.
This is explained by the fact that at the time before civilization, it was wild and almost natural step for man as existing higher animals. Even primates evolved current tamed by man could not show any sign of independence or freedom.
This is because of the intelligence of man that ancient civilizations have emerged and allowed him to move beyond animal.
Early on, the man cut the stone for making tools such as knives, arrow, spear at the ages of stone for his needs at the time prehistoric;
Using wood and stones to hunt, war and prepare traps;
Establish using blast furnaces and wood, iron smelting for metal, to the control of electricity and the electron current;
Make harpoons, hooks, poles, then needles with bait to catch fish.
Thus, to live and survive in the economic satisfaction of vital needs, humans have been forced to organize in the early hours of humanity. This is what led the man to the knowledge and technology. Each civilization was formed in its natural environment and transmits its culture through oral language primitives. The first civilized peoples have generally worn for oral transmission of their cultures and their literatures.
But for a proper conservation and sustainable values transmitted, the first types of writing are invented hieroglyphic form in Pharaonic Egypt. This brought to North Africa - East in antiquity contemporaries from all parts of the world to Egypt. The hegemony of the African Egyptian civilization was manifested by the avant-garde position. Other people learned the importance of writing, science, starting with the Phoenicians, Greeks. This is how the centers of civilization gravitated from one place to another throughout history. Other people who had an instrument of conservation of their cultures and civilization did not need to write. The durability of this instrument conservatory has filled the void of writing in African civilizations. Therefore the absence of writing at home is not synonymous with ignorance.
Of course, others may say that no writing is ignorance, it is not civilized and ignores its past. And he who ignores this will have a darker future. The latter will think he's right. But this is a general reason acceptable to everyone?
This is a comparative analysis that reveals certain truths as that of a people written tradition from that of another oral tradition. For example, the comparison between the mended Sundiata and his contemporaries in Europe or Asia.
However, the oral tradition becomes negative if it fails to express and maintain literature and culture. Depositary to be ignorant in the absence of good instruments conservatives. The ignorance is not the exclusive preserve of people with oral tradition. For the preservation of culture, if it is not accompanied by a strong and if it can not reflect the degree of the nature of change. It will be a drop and a gradual disappearance will reach the level of illiteracy. This is so that today, the only reader of hieroglyphics is an illiterate in the absence of other knowledge.
As well as the connoisseur of ancient Greek and Latin is an illiterate without other types of knowledge. Therefore, it is said that at this period that mail who knows nothing in a computer is an illiterate.
Literature of the peoples of orality, because of the difficulties inherent in life, has been eclipsed over the centuries due to changes in hieroglyphics. Thus, this evolution has seen some people to hegemony and others to decline.
At the time of Emperor Manding Kankou Moussa representing the golden age of orality, his country was better organized than many people long written civilization.
For economic reasons, the world prices of gold lowered in the Middle East for twelve years because of the journey of Mansa Musa in Arabic that were considered at the time as the most advanced in the world.
Imagine a chef who travels to visit the White House and the U.S. so it fills with gifts that the world price of gold down to the U.S. stock market for months, years or decades. Certainly, this country will be automatically classified the first economic power in place of the United States.
Since Africans suspected of oral documents disuse, they thought of the establishment of those writings.
Many people believe that the evolution of Africa has not reached the stage of writing, while it is they who have learned to other writing.
This is because of this that we want to present samples of African writing and literature related ending with N'ko. This writing on which we dwell is the most powerful and most advanced current entries because of its phonetic and phonological characteristics.
As Africa is the birthplace of writing, so the point of dissemination of the scriptures, we consider in this regard that the writing is not foreign to Africa. This is not a new reality on the African continent. That is why we will trace the evolution of writing from its origins up to today and also why the first specimens of writing disappeared without knowing a wide distribution ..
We will explain and also to understand which direction our writing.
In our understanding, the writing began in Africa. Consequently, humanity has known many types of writing to various spheres of influences. The longevity of a writing may be short. It depends on the composition and pedagogy of teaching, but no support.
Writing means three things:
· Express a conventional idea as hieroglyphics
· To express its
· Expressing the same time the sound and content.
· Writing syllabic;
· Writing vocalic and consonantal
· Writing vowel, consonant and phonetic.
· Thinking and sound.
· Examples of each type of African writing.
ONE: WRITING ECHANTION IDEOGRAMMIQUE
A-THE hieroglyphics:
The hieroglyphs are the prototypes of the first African writings, even global. Pharaonic Egypt was the center of this civilization was essentially black, hence the term (kemun) designating the color black not only in ancient Egyptian, but also present in Mandinka.
This writing is a sign of the ideas the same way that the figures express the numbers. If we write a number, it expresses the number beyond even the syllabic or alphabetic pronunciations of consonants and vowels.

Tableau 1
Haoussa	N’ko	chinois	anglais	français	Pronunciation Idéeograme
sipli	dokolon	lìí	Zero	zero	0
daya	kelen	i:	One	Une	1
biyu	fila	a:	Two	Deux	2
uku	saba	sá	Three	Trois	3
huddu	nanin	si	Four	Quatre	4
biyar	lolu	wùú	Five	Cinq	5
chida	woro	liò	Six	Six	6
bakkoi	woronwfila	tyí	Seven	sept	7
takkoas	Sekin	pá	Eight	Huit	8
Ta:ra	konondo	tyòó	Nine	Neuf	9
Ta:rawa	Bu:	tyá	Plus	Plus	+
debewa	Ja:	tyúwi	Mines	Moin	-
daidaida	ye	Tyàmu:	equal	egale	=

The advantage of this type of writing is that different languages can be used in reading the same signs and similar spellings without a difference because everyone can interpret the signs in their own language even though the pronunciations are different. This is the case of ideograms used in Asia that can use several different languages.
Its disadvantages are the fact that we need to develop and adapt to a specific language for the sake of the cause. Which leads to the creation of new signs. But the plurality of signs is a major obstacle to their understanding or their memory by a person.
SECOND.
THE SOUNDS THAT EXPRESS SCRIPTS:
Consonant entries are used by languages that have few vowels (3 or 4) taking into account the elision. The plurality of vowels in African languages is the Semitic scripts that are not appropriate. The fact that one can determine the pronunciation of words by grammatical syntax without mention of vowels makes such a syllabic script. That is why the Arabic script does not use vowels a, i and or while 98 percent of arabic books are written only in consonants.
Ba: Geez Scripture: the Ethiopian people who experienced the consonantal script Ge'ez before any other African. Finally, the Ethiopian rajoutèrent vowels. The Arabic script had followed the same evolutionary pattern. However, centuries of Christianity and their neighborhood combined with the expansion of Islam in North Africa brought Africans to adopt the amended Semitic writing. The first specimen of this writing which may have developed in Ethiopia and its surroundings is writing Ge'ez. Here's an example:

This first prototype of writing was used until 330 AD. It included 26 letters, all consonants. It was a cuneiform whose classics are right in the following table.
Well things have progressed to the expansion of Christianity in the East with its corollaries of vocalization alphabetically. Vowels eventually became decisive. This is what can be observed today in writing Amharic of Ethiopia. Here below, the table of this writing in its expanded version.

Despite the enrichment of the Ge'ez script, it can not translate all languages of eastern Africa. That is why the other peoples of the same region of Africa have found other solutions:
Be: to create another system such as the Somali ousmanya Either take the derivative of the Latin or Arabic script to transcribe the language or the ancient writings.
Those who began by creating a new system are the countries north of the space manden. They were inspired writing ancient Libyan itself derived from the Phoenician: the case of writing tifinagh consonant is written from left to right.

Writing tifinagh then as one of the latest versions of the Phoenician script. This is an ancient script. It was incorporated into the Unicode along the N'ko and has 55 letters. It also exists in Windows 7.
Of those who began by creating a new writing, there is the case of Somali Ousman Yusuf Kelanadyte. This is a writing adapted to the peculiarities of the Somali language. It was invented between 1920 and 1922. It is a consonantal writing specifically as Arabic. Writing ousmanya spread quickly in Somalia. But the existence of the Arabic script, from the Latin, ancient writings eventually destroy its expansion and reduced to its smallest term. Here are his letters:

Some African nations have not done research to write a major concern. That's why they chose the Latin or Arabic to transcribe their languages.
Unfortunately, some have been constrained in their choice and many have abandoned. As well for a language to be transcribed by a system, it must be reflected in the spelling. Otherwise, it does not develop.
About people who adopted the Arabic consonantal alphabet, scholars have never been able to agree on the process of their harmonies. The lack of concordance between African languages too vowel and Arabic writing too little has vocalized that these experiments have not been able to make significant progress. Worse, she pushed down efforts.
The reasons are obvious, as the Semitic alphabet which included starting fifteen letter was accommodated to create the Arabic alphabet with the addition of diacritical marks in the bottom or top of the letters to make a total of 28 letters, even after 30 .
Examples of these types of letters:

This is what Africans have adapted by adding other signs complementary to the needs of their languages in vowels. Right now, they did not even think to record the tones.
A little later, trials transcription of African languages in Latin began after the colonial conquest. The fact that the Latin script is better than Arabic in transcription, it has reinforced the feeling that she is the best writing. But as the West has long been known weaknesses in their writings, they have improved since the 18th century. That Latin was better advised people not holding any form of writing.
However the West and Western Africanists who ignore this information believe it is they who have brought to African writing while Africa the cradle of st spread of writing where it spread to other parts of the world.
Suppose, then, as if it was they who brought us the written word. Outside the hieroglyphics, is that the remnants of Phoenician writing it are not visible yet today in North Africa? is that it is not the Arabs who introduced for the first time Islam in Arabic script in East Africa, South and West?
Here are examples of the extended Latin:

The writing system consists of 16 vowels, 18 consonants and three diphthongs visually neutral. Only owners of an antique can decipher the real details. This means that improving a script or alphabet can be possible only by native speakers of the language, and not by foreigners.
As everyone knows that the Latin script is not unknown in the transcription of African languages, we will not show an example here. Each language has failed to have a recognized standard form of consolidation of all dialects, especially if they exist beyond the state borders.
Dissemination of writings consonant in Africa combined with learning difficulties orientèrent Africans to develop syllabic writing, which typically assign different signs to all the syllables of the same language. That time found that the expansion of the Latin script was already done in the world. The existence of all the syllables of a language in syllabic writing is an asset. But its disadvantage is that it can not write down the syllables of another language, not even a dialect of that language.
The syllabic scripts:
Ca: Writing is an illustration of the Vai syllabic system. The letter r and all its syllables are absent because the people Vai does not sound r in their language. This is the scientific Momolu Doualu Bukele about 1833. Fode Soulemana Kante explained that the signs of migration Konianke the forest to the coast Leone and Liberia were combined to form the Vai writing. In addition, he said that Vai is the result of a revelation. Its author has forgotten signs. Therefore, these signs do not reach 220.
When Soulemana Kante had tried Arabic in four years, then Latin in three years, he had learned of the channel vai Lebanese Kamal Marwa Bouaké in 1944. He looked up to find the Vai writing. Happy to have found an African writing, he realized that the latter unfortunately not including all the sounds. He understood also learning difficulties, lack of tonal notation and some letters were a serious obstacle to understanding.
In our understanding, Vai was the prototype of the first syllabic scripts known to West Africa. Its existence has made flow researchers to this area of the continent.

What: Writing Bamum:
Writing Bamoun hieroglyphic was first made in 1910 by King's Ibrahima N'djoya who created 466 signs. 40 years later, it gradually to the muta alphabetical form around 1930. Its sixth version, that of 1930, contains only 80 letters.
However, the colonial occupation has destroyed all schools Bamoum by burning after the first world war. The founder of the Bamum system was deported in Yaounde where he died two years later. If scientists today have not experienced the same fate as the founder of the Bamum, is that African people no longer live under the colonial occupation. As every age has its form of combat, which is why the African writings are subtly opposed by néocolonialismes.
But unfortunately, the teaching of national languages is reserved sector of Adult literacy while teaching children occurs only in a foreign language. This paradox is the programmed death of African languages.
If our descendants will revolt by denying their history, their origin and language, African when any record of such languages have disappeared, it will be the doctor because after death, nothing will give them a foundation for cultural them see reason.
The way to combat African languages began long ago. This spelled the end of some extinct languages in Africa the last century by the disappearance of literature, traditions and cultures. The current literature does not inspire parental realities, but realities imported children to master. Education systems far from solving the problem helps to destroy African cultures valuing foreign languages. How the man looks like his parents, that's how we perceive culture through its language.
Here is a specimen of the first system Bamum:

Cc: Writing MENDE:
This writing is the Kamala Leone Kisman a syllabic system introduced in 1930 in Sierra Leone ... Here are his letters:

Despite the similarities between this system and Vaïkan gbodo he is writing from right to left using 195 signs while Vaïkan gbodo goes from right to left. But the colonial government opened schools for Latin literature Mende in Latin and then in English.
Learning difficulties of Mende, syllabics, next to the Latin alphabet, simple, and the imposition of European language in everyday life and in the administration took this scripture to disappear gradually after a century.
Writing Massaba:
It is a syllabic writing system created in 1930 by Woyo Koulibali. Here are the Massaba Syllables.

Writing Massaba includes 123 letters and was founded by the Massassi Bambara Kaarta. It was developed under the model of the seven vowels of the system Mandingo. However, these signs are found in their syllabic pronunciation.
As there is no vowel to connect to consonants, all signs are syllables.
In the conception of writing, syllables absent from the Massassi Bambara Bèlèdougou are also absent from the system.
It is as if the Vai where r is also absent. Any signs absent from native speakers of syllabic scripts are not in syllables. This is a common feature systèmessyllabiques.

Cd: Writing African syllabic Loma:

The syllabics Loma was founded in 1930 by Wido Ezeketa. It has 185 letters. Its characteristics are close Massaba. It was developed to transcribe the Loma in Liberia. It reads from left to right. There is almost no longer used today. Here are the letters of the script Loma:
What: Writing African Gbèlè:
This is a script created by Gbili Sanoye in 1930 and has 88 letters. It is also the model of the seven vowels of the Mandingo. Syllabic scripts like the same kind, the Manding people Guele is a non n'kophone at the border between Guinea and Sierra Leone.
Here is a specimen of letters gbèlè:

Da: Writing Bassa:

When the founders of African writings used the syllabic systems since the first half of the 19th century, the advent of writing BASSA took a few changes. For entries can syllabic vowels represented through the letters, but they can not interpret the consonant vowel combination. The evolution of writing Bassa, syllabic initially becomes progressively vowel and consonant. Bassa were signs of more and more reduced with 35 letters including 23 vowels and consonants 7 5 with diacritical marks for tonal.
These signs Bassa:

These two tables represent the consonant system Bassa.

The following table shows the vowels of Bassa and tonal notations. The i is the first vowel.

Some argue that the Bassa was founded by American Christian missionaries in 1920. Today, I have reservations because Latin is the writing of American missionaries. In their travels, they took the Latin. How interested they could abandon their writings to create a different alphabet. That is why I believe that one must separate the Bassa of the missionary. This does not exclude the fact that its founders are Christians.
Thus, when there is development in Africa, still it is attributed to foreigners. This is what will be the case, we shall see later Wolof and N'ko

Db: The phonetic N'ko:
It was founded in 1949 by Solomana Kante, it has similarities with the Bassa by the existence of vowels, consonants and tonal notation, but differs from it by its own merits. We will complete our research by N'ko, we took him here for the history of partition systems.
Here the alphabet N'ko presentation:

E-: Writing Wolof:
This is a writing system invented in 1960 by Assane Faye. It includes vowels and consonants. A total of 25 letters and 10 digits. Vowels are not counted in the alphabet. This is a non-phonetic writing like other writings and consonant vowel.

Ideogram and phonetic:
If we talk about all the writing systems invented by Africans, it will be a little tight here. Other systems are left to talk about the last di kind.
A-: Writing Mandombe:
This is a writing system developed in 1978 by Wabelazo Payi for African languages. The Mandombe is a cuneiform whose founder was inspired in the region of Mbanza Zoungou Congo and Congo Brazzaville sea.
Punctuation in second position takes the place of vowels intermediate;

Consonants are in the group combining the basic layers.
First, the consonants are added to complete the basic radical.
Refers to a form right and left as in group 1.
The second concerns the vowels, vowel and basic derivatives, he joins a basis for

become like the second group; The third is the combination of the vowel in up or down as group three.
The fourth group is the association of vowels, consonants on an external tooth as the bottom line.

Note:
Vowels and different basic positions do not lead to a no vowel change.
As for writing N'ko, the letter w [ߓ] returned becomes pa [ߔ] reversed it deviate the number 3 [߃]. All this in Mandombe is the same.
When each consonant, it becomes changed in each group.
We can make a difference in the writing this way.

In this table, you can you help yourself with the French:
The Mandombe also contains figures. Look at the top right of the table.
Our last alphabet is a true alphabet.
Its founder intends it to the whole of Africa. It must be in conjunction with the promoters of the alphabet for each N'ko shows the capabilities of his writing.
Here is a text Mandombe below:

Given the multitude of African writings, we are all summarized. The greater part of these writings were founded in the 19th and 20th century and eventually disappear. The nature of these writings and their way of promoting them have not reassured their future.
The people for whom these writings were created today are not aware if these writings existed.

Bassa and N'ko are consonant and vowel entries and tonal.

An example of vowel and consonantal script.

African writings of all these listed, there are some who survived.
We will present them in writing to the parties appearing widely distributed and very old.
We begin by demonstrating the skills of the alphabet N'ko. After the others will follow.

The alphabet N'ko:
Db: the phonetic alphabet Africa (N'ko) was created by the researcher Solomana Kante in 1949.
It's just like writing Bassa (for the idea of existence of consonants vowels), however it differs from it by its peculiarity of transcribing foreign languages and letters of reserves.
His name [N'ko], that name is built on behalf of the common language of the Mande empire by Kante as he showed in his book the "big five questions and their answers."
The N'ko was founded when Mr. Kante was four years described in the Arabic alphabet and three years the Latin alphabet. Each time he reached the grammar and logic in Arabic and Latin, he was stalling, so he had already added other words of himself in order to adapt to the common language madingue, by vowels and consonants. Willingly this system, these scripts have not been the language of his paper.
As he heard one day, in the conversation of his friends that: (Djaaka, take the knife and mailings), when it lasted but not send. He heard yet: (there is no knife there?). Thus, it was found that the indeterminacy of the word (the knife) is (a knife). That's where he knew the value of your before inventing the alphabet N'ko.
When he saw that these two entries can not satisfy him, he was informed at the same time for the existence of writing Fayika (a group of the Mande empire). Instantly he began to learn while covering that is purely syllabic writing and Fayika are the same ethnic group as him, that's where he was made aware that God has not refused to create a new, because he believed that the Almighty God who has revealed the Arabic script to write the Koran.
To this end, he lost interest in foreign alphabets and incomplete and difficult one syllable of his colleagues to take to be based initiative to create a new alphabet rich adequacy to transcribe their language and other human languages. This is the fundamental reason for initiating the Alphabet N 'kb at February 14, 1949.
Some say it is because of defamation of Lebanese Gaamil Marwa who angered hence the idea of creating the N'ko. Think again this irritation has found it in a world to transcribe. Eest is a simple irritation may directly lead anyone to enter the room to create a phonetic alphabet, while focusing its language strictly in science, and moreover capable of transcribing other languages already transcribed and end with characters reserve for possible cases? It is really difficult.
This proves that it is not this irritation because he was angry the same way in Kankan before going to Ivory Coast.
One day he went to a priest so that he read some literary expressions manika before him, for he may know the truth and falsehood that his maternal uncle Soule said. This story is this: the writing can not transcribe all parts of the language but can do so that we can master the difficult words. His uncle said that because the history of Wassoulou who was with him, in language manika transcribed in Arabic script, he who is better educated than his uncle in Arabic, while difficult to read it read it quickly because of tell it many times and not because of the writing itself. It is this doubt that was in Mr. Kante.
This is what he came to seek the white priest who knows more than he manika, because he has already translated the entire Bible in manika. The priest began to read the introduction while groping in the pronunciation of words. Asked the gentleman why? He replied that this fault is not mine, it is in the composition of your African languages.
This means that the priest has accused the language and not writing, so that the fault is manika transcription in Latin. The fault is the lack of correct transcription of words and tones of language manika in the Bible and the priest in the history of his uncle. The researcher Solomana Kante himself accused African languages by missing entries in transcript Foreign correct, because he believed in ready as religious leader. We can explain this because he had not yet discovered the secret of writing and language.
He gradually corrected these errors in its ability, in Arabic for four (4) years and Latin for (3) in his trip to Ghana, except those among them insoluble in tone.
Writing Fayika he had considered that will satisfy him: the letter [ߙ] who had no tone. The fact that it is incomplete was added to the difficulty urged him to rely on creating a new alphabet to apply all his knowledge and desire in him after its creation. The alphabet of 25 letters was in 1949 and here the tone and their application:
[ߊ ߋ ߌ ߍ ߎ ߏ ߐ ߓ ߔ ߕ ߖ ߗ ߘ ߙ ߟ ߛ ߜ ߝ ߞ ߟ ߡ ߢ ߣ ߤ ߥ ߦ] at that time the letter [ߣ] not vocalized was [ߣ ߵ = ߒ] and [ߙ] doubled was [ߊ] he added them to make up to 27 letters: seven (7), nineteen (19) letters and medial consonants.
In 1980, he has embellished three (3) letters [ߖ ߗ ߙ] and considered [ߊ] letter as free as [ߒ] was already free in place of [ߣ] apostrophe. When the tone, we put [ߑ] as an apostrophe in the middle of words.
Also show how to write the words in these different approximate consonants already known. Based on this his students have generalized this to the creation of several letters of reserves, which proves the celebrity of N'ko.

TABLEAU

The transformation of the pronunciation of each of the seven (7) tones and vowels by their additions.

TABLE

This table shows that a single consonant can be vocalized by a 16-way kind of vowel. This proves that the way the first table was composed of simple consonant, we can compose 16 of the 2nd in the table just for 2128 syllables in addition to this, the 8 tones ߒ'''' where all the is 2136.
These are the two previous tables which are original letters of syllables N'ko. These letters contain no diacritical mark. As for the letters approximate, it is these two points [߳] only which are the vowels to show their pronunciation approximated as follows: [ߊ ߳ ߋ ߳ ߌ ߳ ߍ ߳ ߎ ߳ ߏ ߳ ߐ ߳] from there they become consonants when they vocalized in this direction. They can be as vowels when we hear that their approximate expression in another language such as: [ߊ ߳] is (a) Arabic is pronounced in the larynx [ߊ ߳ ߊ].
The seven (7) and its derivations such as vowels [ߋ ߳ ߎ ߳]
are the approximate expressions of our letters [ߋ ߎ] in French. As for consonants, each diacritical these doors [߫ ߳] to approximate his letters as his letters: [ߛ ߛ ߛ ߳, ߜ ߜ ߜ ߳]. From there, the vowels are derived once the consonants and three times, then we can build on each: The 19 consonants approximate dotted TABLE

Les 19 consonnes approximatives en pointillée TABLEAU

The 19 consonants with approximate shot above TABLE

Les19 consonants with approximate two points above TABLE

Note:
- [ߣ ߠ] = [ߢ ߧ] are all the same in pronunciation, it is a grammar rule that applies.
-The rest of the letters are 10 and these: [ߋ ߊ ߴ ߵ! ء ߋ ߊ ߊ] mean: apostrophe, the two signs for the absence of loud (ߴ) and low (ߵ), the interjection, the small o (ء), the comma, and the scientific unit as: [ߜ ߊ ߞ ߊ ߛ ߊ ߜ ߗ ߊ ߜ ߥ ߊ] mean that the meter, kilogram, centimeter and millimeter, because there is no appropriate letters to represent N'ko.
As for N'ko own name, he ended with the sudden voice and in Latin it is started by a capital letter.
The researcher designed the alphabet so that the seven vowels can become other letters with the reserve that do not exist in others.
The N'ko widened in the rough letters to transcribe foreign words correctly.
The fact that the Arabic script and Latin writing prior N'ko. They are seen as tools that keep the inheritance for centuries, this is where they have influenced our names and our own words. So who can contradict the lack of time?
This is why we can not read 10 city names and 10 names of families in these foreign writings. This is what transformed (mended) in (Mali), (Mansa Moussa Kanku) in (Mansa Mansa Musa), (chum, chum) in (keita), (Konde, Kone) in (Konde, koné), ( Kande, Kante) in (Kande, Kande) up to the point where we consider we had almost the same as some family names in their own right.
Apart idiogram, when we see the letters as the picture of human expression, according to the principles of the language which they founded, we see that they differ from each other by their ability to photograph the sounds. It is recognized that capacity in the multiplicity of syllables which are composed to form different words, and syllables are grouped into one sound. This differentiation is known throughout the following points:
· If the alphabet consists only of consonants without vowels, so the tone that shows the different vocalizations of a single letter, all letters must be multiplied by that number, for example oussoumaniya and wölöfö.
· If the alphabet is sylabique, the number of all possible syllables that constitute it, eg the alphabet of fayika is 210, Bamou, Massaba and other African writings.
· If the alphabet consists of consonants and vowels, can be explained by the number consonant multiply by the number of vowel as Latin.
· If the alphabet consists of vowels and consonants in which the tones are required, recognizes its number by multiplying the number of vowels and consonants by numbers by the number of tones.
· As for the alphabet which believe his letters, his ability depends on the letters to which they turn. If this is the only consonants such as Arabic, consonants, vowels and tones as N'ko as he did in the use of approximate.
Having produced this information, here is the comparative ability of some alphabets:

TABLEAU

So what is this comparison that shows the ability of alphabets into force, by the use of phonemes and syllables to write human expressions.
In this table, writing the following Bamu N'ko in multiplicity because this three times and write some. The Roman script is the first Latin edition of its 105 syllables and a half times 20 equals N'ko not expanded. Form extended by the use of consonants and vowels is 480, then it is 4 times that number which is the capacity of N'ko unextended. At the moment there are no keyboard can use these 480 syllables of Latin extended, while the keyboard N'ko wrote his 2152 syllables correctly.
If we expand the N'ko writing, we will have 9 times that the write constraint Latin in it.
_If you vvoulez you can compare it to other N'ko alohabets. Apart from writing Latin, the syllabic alphabet is composed of vowels and consonants, are around 180. These are the languages in the alphabet phonétiique that exceed this amount because the language of these nations is highly developed in tone and it can not exist without these tones.
_apres all if we create a beautiful writing-based Writing encienne, through which other languages can the resemblance. To this end we have to sustain it by combining some or other order that it can etr automone at any time and any time.
the hardness of a language depends on its state
some languages depend on the behavior of his first locular
some depend on the persistence of living his life as:
The 1-writing the state will participate in many things, before reaching the goal of its founding as a memento of his or object indicated. As this memory is cleared up, showing her things listed, it encourages perseverance and encourages learners to master, in addition to maintaining the world of writing. This mastery is as we always use the language in the names of things in itself by their sign, as (Yiri) reminds the human beings that grow from the earth (the tree). That's what this expression shows.
The actual writing (Yiri) with its tones is (yi) and (ri). This process facilitates the connection between written expression in oral and vision as oral expression as defined in the first position.
In this case we will say that how to write, speak and meaning are all together in consciousness. In the case Ouu writing is not the image of speaking, this will reduce its life by changing or transforming into others.
Hence, the alphabet can become syllabic in consonant or vowel consonant yourself or others. All of these are not serious if it reaches the goal of its founding, however, their comparison proves the ease of one relative to another.
By a retrospective summary of examples in each write, you will see that some have complex problems that are difficult or impossible to solve.
2_ The first dignitaries of the alphabet have a big role in his actions, namely its commitment to master it in a real sense, that is to say, if a defect in it, treat it before that it is common with this defect. Also it is not to be discovered that default by another people. Any time the absence of an alphabet is discovered, someone will always try to fix to improve it. Often can be improved writing another script in hand as the Phoenician script has several branches. It encourages its founder to his promotion in any place and any time. This will make sense of human civilization, man is always changing its reports. To this effect will always be dominated common in its reports.
Based on this, if there are no successors sincere in his actions, there they go down to the disappearance.
3_l'alphabet itself is good, however he has to make concrete works at any time for its development potential. These are works of literature, science and tradition, if the existence of these three has proven true in writing, it will be because it is their perpetual reservoir.
Then we say that writing is a tool that improves human language through which all his thought could reach.
Oral literature on which it relies to clarify, this is what made men has its instrumentality conservation. If this is not the case, writing is a simple pleasure or a toy.
So hardness and safeguarding and improving the instrumentality of writing we have just described above in the fact of a good product or a product close to the goodness.
For its hardness, if you notice in the different alphabets explained above, the hardness at any time and any place depends on the degree of existence of elements of hardness.
It is for this reason that men of N'ko pledged to write literature, history of the Mande empire, its classic and modern lifestyle in N'ko. And commitment to develop the rhythm of today's world with major languages that are ahead of us for whom French is the first, after it has Arabic English and Portuguese.
In the aspiration of men N'ko, they must draw on the trail of these great languages that preceded them in the great scientific discoveries in all fields to serve humanity. For this purpose it is necessary instruments for that participates in this science, but technicians have already solved this problem for the people involved.
This process has greatly assisted the N'ko that there are in the electronic world, to participate together with the advanced nations in their education systems within the company. That's just the N'ko be initiated in implementing this system.
The primary alphabets of Africa
After having shown the status of all these alphabets, after noticing their birthplace, it was seen that the alphabets improved primary and one that can evolve by getting rid of all obstacles, the alphabet are not many alive. Because most African alphabets have disappeared the last century and exist only by their names in its history.
N'ko observational writing is one of them with us in West Africa. And that expressed the primary east-called "Greek or Ethiopian."
The fact of comparing the writing "Bgèssi" in N'ko, the gap between them, as is the age difference between writing to the ancient origin and recently. One is based for centuries while the other has not even a century. So the comparison proves liveliness in action.
If the young and old are equal loading in the burden, we say that the old is famous. On the contrary if the young and old are equal in knowledge of history, we say that the young person is famous. Hence if a young teenager at the age comes to know its origin and how the actions of his ancestors more famous than his friends promotion, then the one who observes the adult age, this would not he a great event.
To this end entries are dying and new coexist in those places, they are in schools and university in the world, the "Oussoumaniya" in Somalia and "Madombé" in Democratic Congo.
Regarding the N'ko, I ask all leaders to kindly humanist sense of foundation within the meaning of its founder. That is to say, a writing that can write all human languages especially those in Africa that are essentially phonetic. Its name derives from it a general name of the Mande Empire is the name that was renamed to him again. By observation we can say that this will only strengthen it.
After obtaining our own writing, so be quick and direct in the writings that will serve us for our freedom in the world of literature. I say this because we have not before because the world is created from.
I address this message to all the people of the Mande empire, I mean all its different dialect and all Africans and all other Fulani of the world.
What makes that hear and obey. Amen!

THE ORIGIN OF THE ALPHABET N'KO
We can not close our research without some logical explanation of the alphabet N'ko. Alphabets created in the 18th century are called by those who like africanisent African alphabets. That is to say alphabets whose property is lawful to Africans; alphabets that have no influence or foreign inspiration.
For those based in the 19th century, are considered alphabets that were inspired by precedents. These alphabets can be vowels and consonants, or phonetic alphabet such as N'ko, Wolof and Fulani. Then must the events are recounted at fair value to recognize the value of African thought. From this, we will choose the N'ko as a sample of all African alphabets:
As for me that we are all human beings, this is what has brought our visions in the observation of facts. This is true even if we are not the same background or speaker of one language and that is why it is usually on behalf of one (1) to ten (10) in all languages. Hence, no one can ever say that a language has taken it to another then they are not the same origin.
All things taken in nature that unites them are the same or approximate when one has not borrowed from another, this reflects the fact that everyone has been through the same origin in the middle. If man makes his actions through nature is what it will be good in his life.
To be clear in the details of things, their name is usually in their composition and color, they are not often seen in different views. For example if observed by a researcher in one direction, day or another will arise, he will find the same sense in them unambiguously.
In research, we believe that the last draw of the first, it may be that the latter follow the founding of the first. Yes, this is true, but it may be that the latter are not inspired because of the first mode in which the first was whether the latter are the same, they will engage in the same way as the previous or in another way according to the relationship between time and environment.
Some people imagine that the last scientists are always guided precedents, especially if there was a connection between them. This is why some say the foundation of the researcher N'ko Solomane Kante was inspired by Arabic in order to succeed. This is not the case, because he considered the traits against the traits of dissimilarity similarities. It continues to say that most N'ko letters are letters shaped in Arabic and Latin. From the moment where some believe so, then you, you believe otherwise. From there, we have to prove it so people are aware of the fact in the real sense. That's what pushed me Diané Baba has explained the history of the alphabet N'ko, its forms and creative thinking. Please wait, we will reach them right away:
The researcher Solomana Kane did not detail the construction of the letters in a book. We will then go to what he told us, his manuscripts and works. It is they who have been very helpful in determining their forms.
-In his own stories, he began construction of writing N'ko similar traces by 100, then he chose the prettiest of them and appointed. He told this story well.
-In his own stories; between writing and image, the writing began to use the image of things as writing. He showed the example of N'ko by the letters] and ߛ [ߝ and it is so far in one of his little books.
- In his work, he chose the construction of vowels and tones that expressed exactly. The same process was used by certain vowels as] ߛ, ߝ, ߢ [except that you can not show that. It is they who are the first derivatives. In our estimate of the concrete vision, ߊ] [has no other meaning than the opening of the mouth, ߋ] [as has no other meaning than the narrowing of the mouth, and ߌ] [is the opening of the teeth ...
So those he has told us their names and those he has not told us which we see their names in their images are explained:

The letter [ߊ] it was chosen by the pronunciation of the 100 signs cited, because it is expressed by opening his mouth. The mouth begins to open the top down.
It is also said to derive from the Arabic as it is the opening of the mouth down. It is a consonant whole vocalisable in three different sounds (a, i, or), while in the N'ko it takes all the tones possible.

The letter [ߋ]: this is how to pronounce his name that makes choosing the shape of a circle among the 100 cities.

The letter [ߌ]: she was chosen among the 100 like the previous one, but it is pronounced by opening the lips on the teeth. By observing it looks like the spacing of the two lips with a rod in the middle so as not to confuse his writing to that of [ߎ].

The letter [ߍ] is taking [ߌ] by reversing simply because it is difficult to derive.

The letter [ߎ]: this is how to pronounce his name by the narrowing of the mouth, which makes choosing among the 100 signs. She is still as if you put your foot an iron rod and flexible you take the two ends to curl. Then the form data will be nothing but a curve in this way [ߎ].

The letter [ߐ]: this is how to name the shape of a ball that she was chosen of 100 signs cited. From there it is inflated by a rod down to not whether the state posed as [ߋ]. That's what the researcher Solomana Kanté differentiated letters of N'ko, not even look like they do for one who writes badly.
The letters do not resemble N'ko, that is to say it is different from one another.

The letter [ߓ] = (ba) means river, is the way to express his name who did it choose this way. Its name comes from two parallel lines as the banks of the River Niger. If you stop to his side is, you will see the flow from left to right. And the stem in the middle is for the sequence and to differentiate it from other letters.

The letter [ߔ]: because of complexity of having the image of his name that was directly derived from [ߓ]. The letter [ߔ] is used in some dialect of Mande (ߔ ߊ ߔ ߊ ߔ ߊ ߔ ߊ = ߓ ߊ ߓ ߊ ߓ ߊ ߓ ߊ). Imagine some foreign languages as a kind of [ߓ] as Arabic; really deserves it.

The letter [ߕ]: indicates the fire, his name was chosen from three stones of a hearth and its flame. This home was divided vertically into two and neglecting the other flames in favor of the central flame.
For one who faces this home split into two equal parts, if you are told to choose one among them, although I think we will only choose one that is closer.

The origin of the first form of the letter (ߖ) classic N'ko

The origin of the first form of the letter (ߖ) modern N'ko

The letter [ߖ]: this is how to train her name (dja) derived from (Djaba) which means onion. This is the 4th straight portion of the cup of the onion far and wide and it landed on trunk is surrounded by its roots. If you take the last layer and the root of his side, you will automatically have the first [ߖ]. The 1st [ߗ] and [ߙ] derived automatically [ߖ].

One can imagine that [ߖ] is similar to (ح) reversed from Arabic. To avoid confusion Mr Kante did cross a line for it to be in the line of writing N'ko concatenation. Such a concatenation will disrupt N'ko writing from there, he kept it that way for is completely different from the Arabic letter and for there to be consistency between the letters of N'ko in the concatenation. The spirit of the letter comes as the onion so that the researcher in that of [ߝ] and [ߛ].

The first [ߗ]
The letter [ߗ]: this is because of the complexity of obtaining her name she was one of the derivatives [ߝ]
[ߗ] is taken from the back of the donkey but the first (Chadian) comes from the first (dja).
So the first [ߗ] comes from processed [ߖ].

The letter [ߘ]: (da) means the door, its just there, the image of two contiguous Protestant. He built the letters in this way it will be very difficult to mix or confuse.

La lettre [ߙ] : à cause de la difficulté d’obtention de son qu’on l’a directement dérivé de [ߝ] l’image de [ߙ] . La 1ère [ߙ] fut formée d’elle aussi. Son point d’enchainement dans l’écriture est à son pied contrairement à la première.

The letter [ߙ]: because of the difficulty of obtaining sound that was directly derived from [ߝ] image [ߙ]. The first [ߙ] was also formed. His point in writing is chaining her foot unlike the first.

The letter [ߝ]: as the name suggests it was build in the ass arrested and facing the right side. Mr Kante has shown this way in one of his book entitled: ................ Please look there.

The letter [ߞ]: it was easily derived from the part of [ߝ].

The letter [ߟ]: it is a derivative of [ߝ] in the facing left side while suppressing the image of his hind leg

The letter [ߡ]: it is a derivative of [ߜ] reversing, it is simply the opposite of [ߜ] that is to say it is resting on the line concatenation.

The letter [ߢ]: (gna) which means the eye, this letter is to build with an eye eyebrows shot to the left and the lengthening of the nose which supports the chaining of writing.

The letter [ߣ] is also build on the donkey [ߝ].

The letter [ߤ]: This letter is also build on the donkey [ߝ] by cutting some parts and adding a little horn.

The letter [ߥ]: it was build the image of a pedestrian walk. the letter [ߥ] in the concatenation is like walking towards you in your facing.

The letter [ߦ]: it was designed from the swelling of the mouth, that is to say, the letter [ߐ] by applying a small horn above it

The letter [ߒ]: it was designed on the donkey [ߝ] by cutting its two foreleg in favor of those past and facing the left side.

The letter [ߠ]: from the moment it is considered the letter ['] turned into [ߠ], is then designed in the same ['] for the relationship of the same origin is preserved. ['] Is designed to image [ߝ] and [ߠ] also comes from ['] by cutting its head in favor of a horizontal line.

The letter [ߧ]: from the moment [ߧ] resulting from the conversion of [ߦ]. This writing also comes from [ߢ].

As for writing numbers most of them come from nature in this way: there were in our literature by the stone (bere) and wood (Yiri) by doubling one to express a number that is why is expressed by the quantity (bèrèya) or (yirika), that is to say the number of rock which contains it.
On behalf of many, the word was used (yirika) which means the quantity or lot. This is where we closed the hand by drawing the index compiled for the express consideration (a). This can be a demonstration to show something at the top or bottom. This is what has made ...... ߗ ߜ ߊ ߡ ߊ ......
The figure [߁]: it is built to the upright position of the index. This logic is unique in many nations do not borrow one to another.
The figure [߂]: it is built of two sticks together arrested. To shorten the writing we have cut the beginning of the 1st and 2nd glued to maintaining their position.
The figure [߃]: this is a stick and stopped the other broken into several pieces. From there we stuck to the first two pieces stick to construct this figure.
The figure [߄]: the idea of breaking it began its full number is four. They are the ones we chained to build the 4th digit of N'ko. That is to say it is designed combination of four sticks or a stick into four parts.
The figure [߅]: is an amount agreed upon, constructed of a single stick with a tooth in the middle. This building is representative of the 5th digit of N'ko.
The figure [߆]: it is built of figure [߅] by passing his tooth left to its vertical position distort as stair landing.
The figure [߇]: this is a [ߊ] elongated and broken to the right side in an oblique position. This construction represents the seventh digit of N'ko.
The figure [߈]: this is a [ߊ] lying broken as [7] and to get a medium to form the eighth digit of N'ko.
The figure [߉]: [ߐ] is a letter constructed of a circle that was always inside. Then the [߉] is constructed in the letter [ߐ] by lengthening it and cutting his foot or base.
We explained that the letters Solomana the researcher has not explained. These estimates are like those of the founder because those are limited in explaining mine are like that. You too, please observe your way to know its truth.
The number [0]: this figure to the shape of a circle, it's no surprise that it took this to indicate simply an empty thing. Zero (0) means N'ko (sökolon) that is to say something empty. As for you any other sign that could be suitable in writing?
Because of its empty state that remains the representative of zero in all accounts. That's where we get to write all the multiples of two directions from scratch: either beyond its value [ߓ ߎ +] or below it [ߖ ߊ -].
While these explanations are a few letters N'ko groups:
- Those taken from the reflection of their pronunciation such as vowels: [ߊ ߋ ߌ ߍ ߎ ߏ ߐ]
- Those made in the image of a thing the empire known as the Mande [ߓ, ߕ, ߖ, ߘ, ߛ, ߝ, ߥ]
- Those resulting from the processing of images of these letters [ߌ, ߐ, ߓ, ߖ, ߝ, ߥ]:
- For [ߌ]: which is the mouth opening is reversed [ߍ] and is covered [ߜ], and the form of raised [ߡ].
- For [ߐ]: This is a plant stem to the tips of a balloon for [ߦ].
- For [ߓ]: the built form of the river, its shape is transformed [ߔ].

- To

- For [ߝ]: this is by cutting parts of [ߝ] for [ߒ] and ['] and [ߣ] and [ߤ] the cut of [ߒ] well [ߗ] and [ߙ ].
- From there, we say that [ߠ] just ['] and [ߧ] just [ߢ].
After having read and understood all these things it knows that writing N'ko was created madingue of civilization.
To those who say it comes from a portion of Arabic or Latin for, really they are far from logical.
As for some major events from all the great men, that's what made him famous fans of our ancient civilization such as:
- The Pharaohs of great African civilization.
- The Cisse (descendants of men) of the empire Wagadu.
Posterity-Maga Soudjata as respectable.

It is in the same way that writing is the concern of Bassa ready.
And make-believe that the writing of African dating from the arrival of European priests at home and, while Arab preceded them.
-And consider writing N'ko like build foreign entries.
-Transform and the name of the researcher's mother Solomana, if it was not that this is done before all of us.
The way we related the loan, if that is the case, this contradicts the reasoning of Haliki. What some letters coincided with those of Massaba Vayinkagbodo, while 2nd do not know the existence of writing the 1st?
What is the count starts from one (1) to ten (10) in most languages?

What has ................................................
From these explanations, we knew that everything they say about us is wrong, comes from the N'ko Mandingo civilization as some researchers say. We, we are the Mande, and know that these elements of our civilization are not developed so they can replace writing. We will be summary in this part. However regarding the taking of N'ko in Arabic or Latin, what you have been developed in this way.
Here the reasoning of those who say that the N'ko is Arabic; the N'ko is taken from the Arabic and Latin:
that: [ߊ] of N'ko just (ߊ) of Arabic, [ߌ] of N'ko just (ߍ) of Arabic in the middle, [ߎ] of N'ko just (u) from Latin [ߐ] of N'ko just (ߛ) of Arabic in combination with the sign (?) questions. However we have not talked about the construction of [ߔ] N'ko of which comes from [ߓ].
The [ߕ] of N'ko just (ߓ) of Arabic

the [ߖ] of N'ko just (ߤ) of Arabic, we have neglected the origin [ߗ] of N'ko to [ߖ] N'ko of the [ߘ] comes from the beginning of N'ko of (ߔ) of Arabic, the [ߙ] comes from the N'ko (ߴ) of Arabic, the [ߛ] of N'ko just (ߧ) of Arabic, the [ߜ] of N'ko just (ߗ) of Arabic in the middle of writing, [ߝ] of N'ko just (f) of Latin, [ߞ] of N'ko just (ߕ) of Arabic, the [ߟ] just (ߋ) in Arabic, [ߡ] of N'ko just (ߣ) of Arabic, [ߢ] of N'ko just one form of [ ߣ], the [ߣ] just (ߝ) donated one of the Arab side of the [ߥ] of N'ko just (ߛ) reversed from Arabic.
After all his explanations, know that the smallest number of different versions of an explanation of a fact is, this is what created the contradiction in most events. However according to the gossip always explain their vision but can be explained only after the analysis of each case, it may give reason to any one of the other because one will always remain.
Starting from the different versions attributed to N'ko, likeness or taken from Arabic, starting rank of his letters as those of the Arab, proves that it derives from the Arabic version according to some gossip. We have already explained our version of this resemblance. If the forms of two things are equal, we should ask the owner of at least one of them to explain where he is, what it took for him? If it shows that it took him to the preceding, it is free to do so. And if a version that explains the grants to the invention, this explanation must be obedient to his dignitary. For example the researcher Solomana Kante explained the origin of [ߝ] and [ߛ] of N'ko, then they are very similar to (f) and the Latin (ߧ) from Arabic. The construction of all our letters already explained.
Taking the classification of letters N'ko to that of Arabic, although I think this is not us alone. If you see Europeans speak today of 'Sosso Bala' of the Mande Empire, the nations of other continents take part of the legacy of the pharaohs, the documents of Timbuktu (RM) become universal, it is universal law of inheritance which has caused.
The Fayinka (one of the names of the people of Mande) and their ancestors are from the circle of the first nations who started writing. Hence their universality, from men that circle should be marginalized. Because writing is a medium, that is what made appointing most European scripts (alphabet, ߘ ߊ ߖ ߊ ߓ ߑ ߖ ߊ ߘ) if I do not deceive such terms are Arabic words, taken from the sequence of letters their alphabet.
This began with the alphabet [ߊ] and [ߓ] Arabic and the Arabs call [ߊ] "aliif" and second "baaou". That's what made this sequel "aliif-baaou" and "alphabet" in European languages.
The ranking of the person who started with [ߊ = a], [ߓ = b] and [ߖ dja =] all of the Arabic alphabet that was named "abadjada" then "adjabi" in European languages.
Away from all this, languages are not similar, their alphabets are not the same, they differ in the specific characters each that the other does not. Apart from these others have the same characteristics in the alphabet into vowels and consonants or consonants only around 30 letters.
In the evolution of certain groups of men already literate in most nations. When this alphabet is 30 no matter how the alphabets resemble the recent past will because they were already literate in them before. It may also have traits of dissimilarity between them.
It is this procedure that shows their alignment or uniqueness in the sequence of different European alphabets. There are also some points of difference between them. Their reconciliation is a function of their ancient alphabet although they were not owners of it before the creation of new, and nobody has pushed these recent ways to choose one.
No nation can be exempted from the evolution of intermediate steps and general evolution. That's what Mr. Kante Solomana could be no escape from the development of its community.
If it was for the organization that is personal, the way the vowels are N'ko, the consonants are the same way in the rankings to differentiate them from all others. Hence no one can say that the ranking results of another.
One objective of N'ko is add to the alphabet of the Mande other alphabets are missing, then show it in a form that will make it easy for everyone. This is what has made the current form of the sort.
Explaining otherwise, the letters of N'ko [ߊ ߋ ߌ ߓ ߕ ߙ ߤ] which closely resemble those of Latin [ntbfyol] for what they do not express the terms of resemblance? This goes the same direction as the letters of N'ko [ߍ ߏ ߓ ߖ ߘ ߞ ߣ ߥ] it looks like those that are transformed from the Latin as [6 L k B z F uv].
A muddled can transform the meaning of your action except Allah Almighty help you.
If N'ko was inspired by the Arabic alphabet for his foundation and its classification, we can also say the same manner he was inspired by the Latin alphabet, the alphabet because N'ko includes 27 letres and Latin 26: 7 in 18 are written in the same way, eight new letters in exchange for old and 2 are equivalent in writing and in pronunciation that here [ߝ] and [ߎ] are [ uf]. Both alphabets are composed of vowels and consonants.
For those who want to compare the two, this person would not he able to show the approximation and resemblance of N'ko in Latin? I think this is easy if it was his goal.
To be precise it is the influence of our fellow brothers which is on us.
The resemblance between the N'ko and Latin is it not clearer than Arabic if cella is proved? Must be mastered for your action that does not spoil him or sabotage in your hand.
The direction of writing N'ko:
Because they say that the writing of N'ko starts from left to right, it does not matter. From the time the first were meaning, then we are free to do what you want. Meaningful entries are meaningful only four: from top to bottom, from bottom to top, from right to left and from left to right. The last two are the most practiced although the first two passable. Writing Koko practiced the last two and have chosen to feel themselves a sense among the two.
Wholes in the right direction the facts are not many ways such as clothing and acute way in the song. Based on this writing only two lines at present, we have to obey this reasoning.
Particular comparison:

From this moment, we want to match our particular between ourselves N'ko and Arabic, and between N'ko and Arabic that is to say the character to explain each one in this comparison.
XSi comparison of the alphabet and was apparently the judge based on that outside of the dignitaries, I was going to say that apart from its meaning in writing, N'ko is very similar to Latin by the classification of his letters than Arabic.